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Geography is a branch of knowledge that describes and explains both physical and human phenomena occurring on the surface of the Earth.
Related studies can be traced back to the Greeks, and their techniques were developed further by Arab Explorers during the Middle Ages. Geography experienced a revival in Europe from the 16th c. on, at the time of the great voyages in exploration. It was, thus, instrumental for the colonial expansion of European powers. Until the 18th c., this discipline was essentially descriptive and used maps, drawings, and reports of journeys. From then on, several specialized branches of geography emerged. The 20th c. saw the rise of computer-based geographic information systems (GIS).
Modern geography is a borderline science between natural and social sciences, having strong links to geology, ecology, demographics, and even ethnology.
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