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Hebrew, an ancient Semitic language, was revived as a spoken language from the 19th c. on and eventually became the official language of the state of Israel in 1948.
Modern Hebrew is based on the language of the Mishna, a medieval compilation of religious precepts. Its pronunciation is closer to that of Sephardic Jews (of Spanish descent) than to that of Ashkenazic Jews (of German descent), and it has lost much of the old guttural sounds.
Like in other Semitic languages, word roots usually consist of three consonants, to which vowels are added to form words with related meanings. Hebrew consonants are written from right to left, and vowels can be specified optionally by way of diacritics.
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